Ccc exam preparation part 1

Q.1- जो संस्था Internet Connection उपलब्ध करवाती है , कहलाती है –

A.In
B.ISP
C.Sub domain
D.कोई नहीं 
Answer (B)
Q.2- HTML programme लिखे जाते है –
A.Note-pad में        B.Word pad में

A.MS-Word में        D.ये सभी
Answer (A)
Q.3-TCP के फुल फॉर्म क्या है ?
A.Transaction Control Protocol.
B.Transmission Central Protocol.
C.Transmission Control Protocol.
D.Transmission Code Protocol.
Answer(C)
Q.4- Web Programming की जा सकती है –
A.HTML में          B.Java में
C.(a) व (b) दौनों में    D.इनमे से कोई नहीं
Answer(C)
Q.5- Internet access के लिए निम्न में से किस प्रकार का connection लिया जा सकता है ?
A.Dial up.        B.Lease line
C.(a) व (b) दौनों    D.इनमें से कोई नहीं
Answer(C)
Q.6- One Line Communication में
A.Sender व Receiver एक ही समय में आपस में जुड़े रहते है
B.केवल Receiver Network से जुड़ा रहता है
C.केवल Sender Network से जुडा रहता है
D.ये सभी
Answer(A)
Q.7- .............. से आपका कंप्यूटर अन्य कंप्यूटरों से जुड़ सकता है –
A.विडियो कार्ड         B.साउंड कार्ड
C.कण्ट्रोल बोर्ड         D.नेटवर्क इंटरफ़ेस कार्ड (NIC)
Answer (D)
Q.8- Save या Save as के लिए कौन-सा मेनू सेलेक्ट किया जाता है ?
A.Tools               B.File
C.Format.           D.Edit
Answer(B)
Q.9- ……………… तब होती है जब कंप्यूटरों को ओन किया जाता है और ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम लोड हो रहा होता है .
A.बूटिंग       B.फ्लेशिंग   C.ट्रेकिंग   D.टेपिंग
Answer (A)
Q.10- सीक्रेट कोड जो कुछ प्रोग्रामों में प्रवेश नहीं करने देता है
A.एंट्री कोड   B.पासपोर्ट     C.पासवर्ड    D.एक्सेस कोड
Answer(c)

Q.11- कंप्यूटर की हार्डडिस्क

A.arithmetic और logic unit होती है

B.कंप्यूटर सॉफ्टवेर है   C.ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम है

D.कंप्यूटर हार्डवेयर है

Answer(D)

Q.12- कंप्यूटर में डिस्क कहाँ रखी जाती है –

A.हार्डड्राइव में      B.डिस्क ड्राइव में

C.CPU में            D.मॉडेम में

Answer(B)

Q.13- डेस्कटॉप पर तारीख और समय ......पर होते हैं |

A.टास्कबार      B.माई कंप्यूटर      C.रिस इकिल बिन

Answer(A)

Q.14- ........सॉफ्टवेर कोड में Error का पता लगाने कि प्रक्रिया हैं |

A.डिबगिंग     B.कंपाइलिंग    C.इंटरप्रिंटिंग   D.टेस्टिंग

Answer(A)

Q.15-स्प्रेडशीट में प्रत्येक बॉक्स को क्या कहते है

A.सेल    B.खाली स्थान   C.रिकॉर्ड  D.फील्ड

Answer(A)

Q.16- Virtual मेमरी क्या होती है ?

A.हार्ड डिस्क कि मैमोरी जिसे CPU एक्सटेडेड RAM कि तरह प्रयोग करता है

B.RAM में होती है  

C.तभी आवश्यक होती है यदि आपके कंप्यूटर में कोई RAM न हो

D.फ्लोपी डिस्कों के लिए बैकअप डिवाइस

Answer(A)

Q.17- बचत करना आवश्यक होता है -

A.भविष्य के लिए      B.बड़े खर्चों के लिए

C.आपातकालीन स्थिति के लिए

D.उपरोक्त सभी के लिए

Answer(D)

Q.18- बैंकिंग व्यवस्था ने लोगों को किसके जोखिम से बचाया है ?

A.साहूकारों के   B.चोरों के  C.चीट फण्ड के   D.ये सभी

Answer (D)

Q.19- एक चेक बुक पर किसका विवरण अंकित नहीं रहता है ?

A.तिथि  B.भुगतान योग्य राशि    C.ग्रहीता (Payee) के हस्ताक्षर     D.जारी कर्ता के हस्ताक्षर

Answer(C)

Q.20- भारत में कितने समय के लिए ऋण प्रदान किये जाते है ?

A.अल्पकाल के लिए     B.दीर्घ काल के लिए

C.मध्यकाल के लिए      D.ये सभी

Answer(D)

Q.21- एक वेबसाइट ................. का संग्रह होता है .

A.वेब पेजों का   B.ब्राउज़र  C.हाइपरलिंक   

Answer(A)

Q.22- प्रिंटर और मोनिटर जैसे पैरीफैरल उपकरणों को ........माना जाता है |

A.हार्डवेयर   B.सॉफ्टवेर   C.डाटा    D.सूचना

Answer(A)

Operating System - Services (Part 3)

 

Operating System - Services

An Operating System provides services to both the users and to the programs.

• It provides programs an environment to execute.
• It provides users the services to execute the programs in a convenient manner.

Following are a few common services provided by an operating system −

• Program execution
• I/O operations
• File System manipulation
• Communication
• Error Detection
• Resource Allocation
• Protection

Program execution

Operating systems handle many kinds of activities from user programs to system programs like printer spooler, name servers, file server, etc. Each of these activities is encapsulated as a process.

A process includes the complete execution context (code to execute, data to manipulate, registers, OS resources in use). Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to program management −

• Loads a program into memory.
• Executes the program.
• Handles program's execution.
• Provides a mechanism for process synchronization.
• Provides a mechanism for process communication.
• Provides a mechanism for deadlock handling.

I/O Operation

An I/O subsystem comprises of I/O devices and their corresponding driver software. Drivers hide the peculiarities of specific hardware devices from the users.

An Operating System manages the communication between user and device drivers.

• I/O operation means read or write operation with any file or any specific I/O device.
• Operating system provides the access to the required I/O device when required.

File system manipulation

A file represents a collection of related information. Computers can store files on the disk (secondary storage), for long-term storage purpose. Examples of storage media include magnetic tape, magnetic disk and optical disk drives like CD, DVD. Each of these media has its own properties like speed, capacity, data transfer rate and data access methods.

A file system is normally organized into directories for easy navigation and usage. These directories may contain files and other directions. Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to file management −

• Program needs to read a file or write a file.
• The operating system gives the permission to the program for operation on file.

• Permission varies from read-only, read-write, denied and so on.
• Operating System provides an interface to the user to create/delete files.
• Operating System provides an interface to the user to create/delete directories.
• Operating System provides an interface to create the backup of file system.

Communication

In case of distributed systems which are a collection of processors that do not share memory, peripheral devices, or a clock, the operating system manages communications between all the processes. Multiple processes communicate with one another through communication lines in the network.

The OS handles routing and connection strategies, and the problems of contention and security. Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to communication −

• Two processes often require data to be transferred between them

• Both the processes can be on one computer or on different computers, but are connected through a computer network.
• Communication may be implemented by two methods, either by Shared Memory or by Message Passing.

Error handling

Errors can occur anytime and anywhere. An error may occur in CPU, in I/O devices or in the memory hardware. Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to error handling −

The OS constantly checks for possible errors.

The OS takes an appropriate action to ensure correct and consistent computing.

Resource Management

In case of multi-user or multi-tasking environment, resources such as main memory, CPU cycles and files storage are to be allocated to each user or job. Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to resource management −

• The OS manages all kinds of resources using schedulers.
• CPU scheduling algorithms are used for better utilization of CPU.

Protection

Considering a computer system having multiple users and concurrent execution of multiple processes, the various processes must be protected from each other's activities.

Protection refers to a mechanism or a way to control the access of programs, processes, or users to the resources defined by a computer system. Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to protection −

• The OS ensures that all access to system resources is controlled.
• The OS ensures that external I/O devices are protected from invalid access attempts.
• The OS provides authentication features for each user by means of passwords.

Types of Operating System (part 2)

Operating systems are there from the very first computer generation and they keep evolving with time. In this chapter, we will discuss some of the important types of operating systems which are most commonly used.

Batch operating system

The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly. Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer operator. To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group. The programmers leave their programs with the operator and the operator then sorts the programs with similar requirements into batches.

The problems with Batch Systems are as follows −

• Lack of interaction between the user and the job.
• CPU is often idle, because the speed of the mechanical I/O devices is slower than the CPU.
• Difficult to provide the desired priority.

Time-sharing operating systems

Time-sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at various terminals, to use a particular computer system at the same time. Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of multiprogramming. Processor's time which is shared among multiple users simultaneously is termed as time-sharing.

The main difference between Multiprogrammed Batch Systems and Time-Sharing Systems is that in case of Multiprogrammed batch systems, the objective is to maximize processor use, whereas in Time-Sharing Systems, the objective is to minimize response time.

Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU by switching between them, but the switches occur so frequently. Thus, the user can receive an immediate response. For example, in a transaction processing, the processor executes each user program in a short burst or quantum of computation. That is, if nusers are present, then each user can get a time quantum. When the user submits the command, the response time is in few seconds at most.

The operating system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide each user with a small portion of a time. Computer systems that were designed primarily as batch systems have been modified to time-sharing systems.

Advantages of Timesharing operating systems are as follows −

• Provides the advantage of quick response.
• Avoids duplication of software.
• Reduces CPU idle time.

Disadvantages of Time-sharing operating systems are as follows −

• Problem of reliability.
• Question of security and integrity of user programs and data.
• Problem of data communication.

Distributed operating System

Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-time applications and multiple users. Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors accordingly.

The processors communicate with one another through various communication lines (such as high-speed buses or telephone lines). These are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. Processors in a distributed system may vary in size and function. These processors are referred as sites, nodes, computers, and so on.

The advantages of distributed systems are as follows −

• With resource sharing facility, a user at one site may be able to use the resources available at another.
• Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.
• If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can potentially continue operating.
• Better service to the customers.
• Reduction of the load on the host computer.
• Reduction of delays in data processing.

Network operating System

A Network Operating System runs on a server and provides the server the capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. The primary purpose of the network operating system is to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network, typically a local area network (LAN), a private network or to other networks.

Examples of network operating systems include Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD.

The advantages of network operating systems are as follows −

• Centralized servers are highly stable.
• Security is server managed.
• Upgrades to new technologies and hardware can be easily integrated into the system.
• Remote access to servers is possible from different locations and types of systems.

The disadvantages of network operating systems are as follows −

• High cost of buying and running a server.
• Dependency on a central location for most operations.
• Regular maintenance and updates are required.

Real Time operating System

A real-time system is defined as a data processing system in which the time interval required to process and respond to inputs is so small that it controls the environment. The time taken by the system to respond to an input and display of required updated information is termed as the response time. So in this method, the response time is very less as compared to online processing.

Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time requirements on the operation of a processor or the flow of data and real-time systems can be used as a control device in a dedicated application. A real-time operating system must have well-defined, fixed time constraints, otherwise the system will fail. For example, Scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control systems, etc.

There are two types of real-time operating systems.

Hard real-time systems

Hard real-time systems guarantee that critical tasks complete on time. In hard real-time systems, secondary storage is limited or missing and the data is stored in ROM. In these systems, virtual memory is almost never found.

Soft real-time systems

Soft real-time systems are less restrictive. A critical real-time task gets priority over other tasks and retains the priority until it completes. Soft real-time systems have limited utility than hard real-time systems. For example, multimedia, virtual reality, Advanced Scientific Projects like undersea exploration and planetary rovers, etc.

What is operating system ( part 1)

  What is operating system

An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.

 Following are some of important functions of an operating System.

• Memory Management
• Processor Management
• Device Management
• File Management
• Security
• Control over system performance
• Error detecting aids
• Job accounting
• Coordination between other software and users

                Memory Management

Memory management refers to management of Primary Memory or Main Memory. Main memory is a large array of words or bytes where each word or byte has its own address.

Main memory provides a fast storage that can be accessed directly by the CPU. For a program to be executed, it must in the main memory. An Operating System does the following activities for memory management 

• Keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., what part of it are in use by whom, what part are not in use.
• In multiprogramming, the OS decides which process will get memory when and how much.
• Allocates the memory when a process requests it to do so.
• De-allocates the memory when a process no longer needs it or has been terminated.

  Processor Management

In multiprogramming environment, the OS decides which process gets the processor when and for how much time. This function is called process scheduling. An Operating System does the following activities for processor management −

• Keeps tracks of processor and status of process. The program responsible for this task is known as traffic controller.
• Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process.
• De-allocates processor when a process is no longer required.

                Device Management

An Operating System manages device communication via their respective drivers. It does the following activities for device management −

• Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for this task is known as the I/O controller.
• Decides which process gets the device when and for how much time.
• De-allocates devices.

              File Management

A file system is normally organized into directories for easy navigation and usage. These directories may contain files and other directions.

An Operating System does the following activities for file management −

• Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The collective facilities are often known as file system.
• Decides who gets the resources.
• Allocates the resources.
• De-allocates the resources.
• 
  

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What is java

 

1.What is java?

Ans.

Java refers to a number of computer software products and specifications from Sun Microsystems 

(the Java™ technology) that together provide a system for developing and deploying cross-platform 

applications. Java is used in a wide variety of computing platforms spanning from embedded devices and mobile phones on the low end to enterprise servers and super computers on the high end. Java is fairly ubiquitous in mobile phones, Web servers and enterprise applications, and somewhat less common in desktop applications, though users may have come across Java applets when browsing 

the Web.Writing in the Java programming language is the primary way to produce code that will be deployed as Java bytecode, though there are compilers available for other languages such as JavaScript, Python and Ruby, and a native Java scripting language called Groovy. Java syntax borrows heavily from C and C++ but it eliminates certain low-level constructs such as pointers and has a very simple memory model where every object is allocated on the heap and all variables of object types are 

references. Memory management is handled through integrated automatic garbage collection 

performed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

1.OOP – Object Oriented Programming

OOP is a particular style of programming which involves a particular way of designing solutions to particular problems. Most modern programming languages, including Java, support this paradigm. When speaking about OOP one has to mention:

• Inheritance
• Modularity
• Encapsulation (binding code and its data)
• Polymorphism

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What is Supercomputer ?

 What is Supercomputer ?

Ans.

Supercomputer-

Supercomputers are one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are 

very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amount 

of mathematical calculations (number crunching).

For example, weather forecasting, scientific simulations, (animated) graphics, fluid dynamic

calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in petrochemical prospecting).

What is Minicomputer and Mainframe?

 What is Minicomputer and Mainframe?

Ans.

1. Minicomputer

It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of supporting up to 250 users simultaneously.

2.Mainframe

Mainframe is very large in size and is an expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds

or even thousands of users simultaneously. Mainframe executes many programs concurrently

and supports many simultaneous execution of programs.